Izisombululo ezingama-25 eziqhelekileyo zengxaki yetekhnoloji ye-osmosis ebuyela umva (Icandelo lesi-4)

19. Ziziphi iziphumo ze-pH kwizinga lokususa, imveliso yamanzi, kunye nobomi be-membrane?

Uluhlu lwe-pH oluhambelana neemveliso ze-membrane ye-osmosis eguqukayo ngokubanzi yi-2-11, kwaye i-pH inefuthe elincinci ekusebenzeni kwe-membrane ngokwayo, enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo ezahlukileyo kwezinye iimveliso ze-membrane. Nangona kunjalo, iimpawu ze-ion ezininzi emanzini zichatshazelwa kakhulu yi-pH. Ngokomzekelo, xa i-acids ebuthakathaka njenge-citric acid ikwimeko engeyiyo i-ionic phantsi kweemeko eziphantsi ze-pH, ziyahlukana kwaye zibe yi-ionic kumaxabiso aphezulu e-pH. Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lentlawulo ye-ion efanayo, izinga lokususa i-membrane liphezulu. Ukuba inqanaba lokuhlawula liphantsi okanye alikho, izinga lokususa i-membrane liphantsi. Ngoko ke, i-pH inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwizinga lokususa ukungcola okuthile.

20. Yintoni ubudlelwane phakathi kwe-TDS yamanzi angenayo kunye nokuhanjiswa?

Xa ufumana ixabiso le-inlet conductivity, kufuneka liguqulelwe kwixabiso le-TDS ukwenzela ukuba libe negalelo ngexesha loyilo lwesofthiwe. Kwimithombo emininzi yamanzi, umlinganiselo we-conductivity ukuya kwi-TDS uphakathi kwe-1.2 kunye ne-1.7. Kuyilo lwe-ROSA, umlinganiselo we-1.4 usetyenziselwa amanzi olwandle kunye nomlinganiselo we-1.3 usetyenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwamanzi e-brackish, ngokuqhelekileyo ukuvelisa umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokuguqulwa.

21.Ukwazi njani ukuba inwebu ingcolisekile?

Ezi zilandelayo ziimpawu eziqhelekileyo zongcoliseko:

1. Ngaphantsi koxinzelelo olusemgangathweni, imveliso yamanzi iyancipha
2. Ukuze kuphunyezwe ukuveliswa kwamanzi okusemgangathweni, kuyimfuneko ukwandisa uxinzelelo lokusebenza v
3. Ukuhla koxinzelelo phakathi kokungena kunye namanzi axinyiweyo kukhula nge-v
4. Ubunzima bamacandelo enwebu bunyuka nge-v
5. Utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwireyithi yokususa inwebu (ukwanda okanye ukunciphisa)
6. Xa icandelo lisuswa kwisitya soxinzelelo, galela amanzi kwicala lokungena kwi-membrane ethe nkqo. Amanzi akakwazi ukuhamba ngecandelo le-membrane kwaye aphuphuma kuphela ebusweni bokugqibela (ebonisa ukuvaleka okupheleleyo kwesiteshi sokungena).

22. Indlela yokuthintela ukukhula kwee-microorganisms ngaphakathi kwepakethe yokuqala yamacandelo e-membrane?

Xa isisombululo sokukhusela siba namafu, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokukhula kwe-microorganisms. Amalungu e-Membrane akhuselwe nge-sodium bisulfite kufuneka ahlolwe rhoqo kwiinyanga ezintathu. Xa isisombululo sokukhusela siba namafu, amacandelo kufuneka asuswe kwisikhwama sokugcina esitywiniweyo kwaye aphinde afakwe kwisisombululo esitsha sokukhusela kunye ne-concentration ye-1% (ngobunzima) ibakala lokutya le-sodium bisulfite (engasetyenziswanga yi-cobalt), ifakwe malunga neyure eli-1, kwaye iphinde itywinwe. Amalungu kufuneka akhutshwe ngaphambi kokupakishwa kwakhona.

23. Ziziphi iimfuno zokungena kwamanzi kumalungu e-membrane ye-RO?

Ngokwethiyori, ukungena kwiinkqubo ze-RO kunye ne-IX akufuneki kuqulathe oku kungcola kulandelayo:

1. Izinto eziqinileyo ezinqunyanyisiweyo, i-colloids, i-calcium sulfate, i-algae, iibhaktheriya, ii-oxidants, ezifana ne-residual chlorine, njl.
2. I-oyile okanye izinto ze-lipid (kufuneka zibe ngaphantsi komda wokubona osezantsi wesixhobo)
3. I-Chromium complexes ye-organic matter kunye ne-iron organic matter
4. Ii-oksidi zesinyithi ezifana neemveliso zentsimbi, ubhedu kunye ne-aluminiyam

23. Zeziphi izinto ezingcolileyo ezinokuthi zisuswe yi-RO membranes?

I-membrane ye-RO inokususa ngokufanelekileyo i-ion kunye ne-organic matter. I-Reverse Osmosis membrane inezinga eliphezulu lokususa kune-nanofiltration membrane. I-osmosis ye-reverse inokususa i-99% yetyuwa kumanzi okutya, kwaye izinga lokususwa kwezinto eziphilayo kumanzi okutya ngu-≥ 99%.

24. Wazi njani ukuba yeyiphi indlela yokucoca oza kuyisebenzisa kwinkqubo yakho ye-membrane?

Ukuze ufezekise umphumo ongcono wokucoca, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha ii-agent ezijoliswe kuzo zokucoca kunye namanyathelo okucoca. Ukucocwa ngendlela eyiyo kunokuphazamisa ukusebenza kwenkqubo. Ngokuqhelekileyo, kwi-inorganic scaling pollutants, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kusetyenziswe izisombululo zokucoca i-acidic, i-microbial okanye i-organic pollutants, kunye nezisombululo zokucoca i-alkaline ziyacetyiswa.

Kutheni ixabiso le-pH le-RO eliveliswayo lamanzi lingaphantsi kunexabiso le-pH lamanzi anempembelelo?

Xa ibhalansi phakathi kwe-CO2, i-HCO3-, kunye ne-CO3=iqondwa, eyona mpendulo ilungileyo kulo mbuzo inokufunyanwa. Kwinkqubo evaliweyo, umxholo ohambelanayo we-CO2, i-HCO3-, kunye ne-CO3=uhluka ngexabiso le-pH. Phantsi kweemeko ze-pH ephantsi, i-CO2 ibalela uninzi, kunye ne-HCO3- eyona iphambili kuluhlu lwe-pH ephakathi kunye ne-CO3=ephambili kuluhlu lwe-pH ephezulu. Ngenxa yokukwazi kwe-RO inwebu ukususa i-ion e-soluble kodwa i-soluble gases, umxholo we-CO2 kumanzi okuvelisa i-RO ngokusisiseko uyafana naleyo kwi-RO enempembelelo. Nangona kunjalo, i-HCO3- kunye ne-CO3=inokuncitshiswa rhoqo nge-1-2 yemiyalelo yobukhulu, enokuthi iphule ibhalansi phakathi kwe-CO2, i-HCO3-, kunye ne-CO3=kwimpembelelo. Kuluhlu lweempendulo, i-CO2 iya kudibanisa kunye ne-H2O ukuze iqhube ukudluliselwa kwe-reaction equilibrium ilandelayo kude kube ulungelelwaniso olutsha.

Ukuba impembelelo iqulethe i-CO2, ixabiso le-pH le-RO elivelisiweyo lamanzi liya kuhlala liyancipha. Kwiinkqubo ezininzi ze-RO, ixabiso le-pH le-reverse osmosis eveliswa ngamanzi liya kuncipha ngamaxesha angama-1-2. Xa i-alkalinity enempembelelo kunye ne-HCO3- iphezulu, ixabiso le-pH lamanzi avelisiweyo liya kuncipha ngakumbi.

Umlinganiselo omncinci kakhulu wamanzi angenayo, aqukethe ngaphantsi kwe-CO2, i-HCO3- okanye i-CO3=, ibangela ukuhluka okuncinci kwixabiso le-pH yamanzi avelisiweyo. Kwamanye amazwe kunye nemimandla, kukho imimiselo yexabiso le-pH yamanzi okusela, ngokubanzi ukusuka kwi-6.5 ukuya kwi-9.0. Ngokokuqonda kwethu, oku kukuthintela ukubola kombhobho wonikezelo lwamanzi. Ukusela amanzi e-pH ephantsi ngokwawo akuyi kubangela naziphi na iingxaki zempilo. Njengoko kusaziwa, iziselo ezininzi zekhabhoni ezithengiswayo zinexabiso le-pH phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-4.