Izixazululo ezijwayelekile ezingama-25 zenkinga yobuchwepheshe be-osmosis membrane (Ingxenye 4)

19. Iyini imiphumela ye-pH ngezinga lokususa, ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi, nempilo ye-membrane?

Ububanzi be-pH obuhambisana nemikhiqizo yolwelwesi lwe-osmosis ehlehlayo ngokuvamile bungu-2-11, futhi i-pH inomthelela omncane ekusebenzeni kolwelwesi ngokwalo, okungenye yezici ezibalulekile ezihlukile kweminye imikhiqizo yolwelwesi. Kodwa-ke, izici zama-ion amaningi emanzini zithinteka kakhulu yi-pH. Isibonelo, uma ama-asidi abuthakathaka njenge-citric acid esesimweni esingeyona i-ionic ngaphansi kwezimo ze-pH ephansi, ayahlukana futhi abe ionic ngamavelu aphezulu we-pH. Ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokushaja kwe-ion efanayo, izinga lokususwa kwe-membrane liphezulu. Uma izinga lokushaja liphansi noma cha, izinga lokususwa kwe-membrane liphansi. Ngakho-ke, i-pH inomthelela omkhulu ezingeni lokususa ukungcola okuthile.

20. Buyini ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-TDS yamanzi angenayo kanye ne-conductivity?

Lapho uthola inani le-inlet conductivity, kufanele liguqulwe libe inani le-TDS ukuze libe okokufaka phakathi nokwakhiwa kwesofthiwe. Emithonjeni eminingi yamanzi, isilinganiso se-conductivity ku-TDS siphakathi kuka-1.2 no-1.7. Ngomklamo we-ROSA, isilinganiso se-1.4 sisetshenziselwa amanzi olwandle futhi isilinganiso se-1.3 sisetshenziselwa ukuguqulwa kwamanzi anosawoti, okuvame ukukhiqiza isilinganiso esihle sokuguqulwa esilinganiselwe.

21.Ukwazi kanjani ukuthi ulwelwesi lungcolile?

Okulandelayo yizimpawu ezijwayelekile zokungcola:

1. Ngaphansi kwengcindezi evamile, ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi kuyehla
2. Ukuze kuzuzwe ukukhiqizwa kwamanzi okujwayelekile, kuyadingeka ukwandisa ingcindezi yokusebenza v
3. Ukwehla komfutho phakathi kwamanzi angenisayo nagxilile kukhuphuka nge-v
4. Isisindo sezingxenye ze-membrane sikhuphuka nge-v
5. Izinguquko eziphawulekayo kuzinga lokususa ulwelwesi (ukwandisa noma ukunciphisa)
6. Lapho ingxenye ikhishwa emkhunjini wokucindezela, uthele amanzi ohlangothini lokungena lwengxenye ye-membrane eqondile. Amanzi awakwazi ukugeleza engxenyeni ye-membrane futhi aphuphuma kuphela ebusweni bokugcina (okubonisa ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kwesiteshi sokungena).

22. Ungakuvimbela kanjani ukukhula kwama-microorganisms ngaphakathi kokupakishwa kokuqala kwezingxenye ze-membrane?

Lapho ikhambi lokuvikela liguqubala, cishe kungenxa yokukhula kwama-microorganisms. Izingxenye ze-membrane ezivikelwe nge-sodium bisulfite kufanele zihlolwe njalo ezinyangeni ezintathu. Lapho isixazululo sokuzivikela siba namafu, izingxenye kufanele zisuswe esikhwameni sokugcina esivaliwe futhi zifakwe kabusha kusixazululo esisha sokuzivikela esine-concentration ye-1% (ngesisindo) yebanga lokudla le-sodium bisulfite (engacushiwe yi-cobalt), efakwe cishe ihora elingu-1, futhi iphinde ivalwe. Izingxenye kufanele zikhishwe ngaphambi kokupakishwa kabusha.

23. Yiziphi izidingo zokungena kwamanzi zezingxenye ze-membrane ye-RO?

Ngokombono, ukungena ohlelweni lwe-RO ne-IX akufanele kuqukathe ukungcola okulandelayo:

1. Izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe, ama-colloid, i-calcium sulfate, ulwelwe, amagciwane, ama-oxidants, njenge-residual chlorine, njll.
2. Uwoyela noma izinto ze-lipid (kufanele zibe ngaphansi komkhawulo ophansi wokutholwa wethuluzi)
3. I-Chromium complexes ye-organic matter ne-iron organic matter
4. Ama-oxide ensimbi afana nemikhiqizo yokugqwala yensimbi, ithusi, ne-aluminium

23. Yikuphi ukungcola okungasuswa yi-RO membranes?

Ulwelwesi lwe-RO lungasusa ngempumelelo ama-ion nezinto eziphilayo. I-Reverse Osmosis membrane inezinga eliphezulu lokususwa kune-nanofiltration membrane. I-Reverse osmosis ngokuvamile ingasusa u-99% kasawoti emanzini okuphakelayo, futhi izinga lokususwa kwezinto eziphilayo emanzini okuphakelayo lingu-≥ 99%.

24. Wazi kanjani ukuthi iyiphi indlela yokuhlanza ongayisebenzisa ohlelweni lwakho lwe-membrane?

Ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela omuhle wokuhlanza, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha ama-agent okuhlanza ahlosiwe kanye nezinyathelo zokuhlanza. Ukuhlanzwa okungalungile empeleni kungawohloza ukusebenza kwesistimu. Ngokuvamile, ezintweni ezingcolisa i-inorganic scaling, kunconywa ukusebenzisa izixazululo zokuhlanza ezine-asidi, izinto ezingcolisa ama-microbial noma eziphilayo, kanye nezixazululo zokuhlanza i-alkaline.

Kungani inani le-pH lamanzi akhiqiziwe we-RO liphansi kunenani le-pH lamanzi anethonya?

Uma ibhalansi ephakathi kwe-CO2, i-HCO3-, ne-CO3=iqondwa, impendulo engcono kakhulu yalo mbuzo ingatholakala. Kusistimu evaliwe, okuqukethwe okuhlobene kwe-CO2, i-HCO3-, ne-CO3=kuyahlukahluka ngevelu ye-pH. Ngaphansi kwezimo eziphansi ze-pH, i-CO2 ilandisa iningi, i-HCO3- ebusa kakhulu kububanzi be-pH emaphakathi kanye ne-CO3=ibusa kakhulu kububanzi be-pH ephezulu. Ngenxa yekhono le-RO membrane yokukhipha ama-ion ancibilikayo kodwa hhayi amagesi ancibilikayo, okuqukethwe kwe-CO2 emanzini okukhiqiza i-RO ngokuyisisekelo kuyafana nalokho okuthonya i-RO. Kodwa-ke, i-HCO3- kanye ne-CO3=imvamisa ingancishiswa ngama-oda angu-1-2 wobukhulu, okungase kwephule ibhalansi phakathi kwe-CO2, i-HCO3-, ne-CO3=kuthonya. Ochungechungeni lokusabela, i-CO2 izohlangana ne-H2O ukuze idlulise ukulingana kokusabela okulandelayo kuze kube yilapho sekusungulwa ukulingana okusha.

Uma umthelela uqukethe i-CO2, inani le-pH lamanzi akhiqiziwe we-RO lizohlala lehla. Ezinhlelweni eziningi ze-RO, inani le-pH lamanzi akhiqiziwe we-osmosis lizokwehla izikhathi ezi-1-2. Uma i-alkalinity enethonya kanye ne-HCO3- iphezulu, inani le-pH lamanzi akhiqiziwe lizokwehla nakakhulu.

Inani elincane kakhulu lamanzi angenayo, aqukethe i-CO2, i-HCO3- noma i-CO3= encane, liholela ekuhlukeni okuncane kwenani le-pH lamanzi akhiqiziwe. Kwamanye amazwe nezifunda, kunemithethonqubo yenani le-pH lamanzi okuphuza, ngokuvamile elisukela ku-6.5 ukuya ku-9.0. Ngokuqonda kwethu, lokhu kwenzelwa ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwepayipi lokuphakela amanzi. Ukuphuza amanzi aphansi e-pH ngokwayo ngeke kubangele izinkinga zempilo. Njengoba kwaziwa, iziphuzo eziningi ze-carbonated ezithengiswayo zinenani le-pH eliphakathi kuka-2 no-4.