I-Evolution yamanzi oLwandle i-RO Membranes

Ibali lamanzi olwandle e-membrane ze-RO liqala kwi-1960s. Izazinzulu uSidney Loeb kunye noSrinivasa Sourirajan baqulunqa i-ro membrane yokuqala ngeli xesha. Umsebenzi wabo obalaseleyo wavula indlela yobugcisa bokukhupha ityuwa, nto leyo eyasivumela ukuba siguqule amanzi olwandle abe ngamanzi acocekileyo. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, ngowe-1961, uMongameli waseUnited States uJohn F. Kennedy wavuma ukushenxiswa kwetyuwa emanzini olwandle njengeprojekthi yesizwe, ekuqonda ukubaluleka kwako kwimimandla engenamanzi.

UAlexander Zarchin, injineli yakwa-Israeli, wenze inkqubo yokukhupha ityuwa eshushu ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 eyadlulayo. Ikhuthazwe ngumhloli weArctic owafumana amanzi okusela kumkhenkce onyibilikisiweyo, umsebenzi omtsha kaZarchin wahlahl’ indlela yenkqubela kubugcisa bokukhutshwa kwetyuwa emanzini. Indlela yakhe yayiquka ukukhenkceza kwamanzi olwandle kwindawo engenanto, evumela umkhenkce ukuba ukhuphe ityuwa, aze emva koko aqokelele amanzi acocekileyo avelayo ngoxa eqokelela ityuwa. Ukusukela ngoko, i-desalination iqhubekile nokuvela, ibonelela ngesisombululo esibalulekileyo sophuhliso lwamanzi oluzinzileyo kwihlabathi liphela.

I-Reverse osmosis yindlela esetyenziswa kakhulu yokukhupha ityuwa emanzini olwandle. Kubandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kwamanzi nge-membrane e-semipermeable evumela ukuba iimolekyuli zamanzi zidlule ngelixa zithintela iityuwa kunye nokungcola. Amanzi ahlambulukileyo aqokelelwa kwelinye icala le-membrane, eshiya i-brine egxininisiweyo. I-RO ivelisa amanzi acocekileyo nokuba ityiwa ye-feedstock. Ingasebenzisa amandla amaninzi kwaye ifuna iziseko ezingundoqo ezibalulekileyo. Ukongeza, ukujongana nenkunkuma ye-brine enetyhefu kulucelomngeni. Amanzi olwandle kunye namanzi anetyuwa eninzi. Umphunga kunye nokumpompa kungatya ukuya kutsho kwii-megawatt-iiyure ezingama-80 ngemegalitha nganye yamanzi avelisiweyo. KuMbindi Mpuma, izityalo zihlala zisebenzisa ubushushu obuyinkunkuma obuvela kumaziko ombane akufuphi kunye ne-oyile enexabiso eliphantsi ukuze kususwe ityuwa eshushu.

I-Seawater Reverse Osmosis (SWRO) yinkqubo yokukhupha ityuwa esebenzisa inwebu ezikhethekileyo ukususa ityuwa kunye nokungcola kumanzi olwandle. Ezi membrane bezisetyenziselwa urhwebo ukusukela kwiminyaka yoo-1970. Ngokungafaniyo neendlela zemveli zokukhupha ityuwa ezifuna ubushushu okanye utshintsho lwesigaba, i-SWRO ixhomekeke kwiinwebu, iyenza ibe namandla ngakumbi.

Ukukhawuleza ukuya kumhla wangoku, kwaye sifumana i-HID Membrane Co., Ltd. ngaphambili kwi-RO membrane yokuvelisa. Yasekwa ngo-2008, i-HID ibe ngumdlali obalaseleyo kushishino, ngaphakathi kwe-China nakwihlabathi jikelele.