Kodi RO Membrane Imakwaniritsa Bwanji 99.9% Kukana Mchere?

Reverse osmosis membrane (RO membrane) imagwira ntchito pa mfundo yayikulu yolimbana ndi njira yachilengedwe ya osmotic. Pano pali kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kachitidwe kake ka ntchito:

Kuyerekeza kwakuthupi kwa Natural Osmosis ndi Reverse Osmosis

Natural Osmosis Phenomenon ndi pamene pali kusiyana kwa ndende kumbali zonse ziwiri za semipermeable nembanemba (monga madzi atsopano ndi madzi amchere), mamolekyu amadzi amayenda modzidzimutsa kuchokera kumbali yotsika kwambiri kupita kumalo okwera kwambiri mpaka kukhazikika kumbali zonsezo kuli koyenera. Panthawi imeneyi, kuthamanga kwaiye chifukwa cha kutalika kusiyana kwa madzi pamwamba ndi kuthamanga osmotic.

Kuthamanga kwa osmotic π kwa yankho la dilute ndi: π = iCRT (pamene ine ndi chiwerengero cha ayoni opangidwa ndi electrolysis ya ma molekyulu a solute; C ndiye kuchuluka kwa molar kwa solute; R ndi molar gasi mosasintha; T ndiye kutentha kwathunthu.)
Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya osmotic ya madzi a m'nyanjayi ndi yokwera kufika pa mipiringidzo 28, zomwe zimafuna kupanikizika kwambiri kuti madzi asinthe.

"High-Pressure Counter-Flow" ya Reverse Osmosis ikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ku mbali ya saline (>osmotic pressure) imapangitsa kuti mamolekyu amadzi aziyenda mobwerera mobwerera, zomwe zimachititsa kuti madzi asamayende bwino kuchokera ku "madzi amchere → madzi oyera."

Panthawi ya reverse osmosis, mlingo wa osmotic wa zosungunulira, mwachitsanzo, mphamvu yamadzi yothamanga N, ndi: N = Kh (Δp)－Δπ) (pomwe Kh ndi hydraulic permeability coefficient, yomwe imawonjezeka pang'ono ndi kutentha; Δp ndi kusiyana kwapakati pa nembanemba; Δπ ndi kusiyana kwa osmotic kupyola mu nembanemba).

Pa mfundo iyi: Kumbali ya madzi oyera: Kusonkhanitsa mamolekyu amadzi omwe amadutsa (kudutsa), Kumbali ya madzi okhazikika: Kusunga mchere, zitsulo zolemera, ndi zonyansa zina (concentrate).

Kulondola Kwambiri Kwamapangidwe a Membrane

Mapangidwe a Sandwichi:

Wosanjikiza wothandizira: Nsalu zopanda nsalu (zolemera ≈ 120 μm) - "chitsulo chachitsulo" chomwe chimapirira kupanikizika kwakukulu.

Porous wosanjikiza: Polysulfone zakuthupi (pore kukula 0.01-0.1 μm) - "mzere woyamba wa chitetezo" amene amasokoneza matope, mchenga, ndi dzimbiri.

Wosanjikiza yogwira: Polyamide filimu (kukhuthala ≈ 200 nm) - weniweni "woweruza maselo," ndi pore kukula kokha 0.1-1 nm (≈ kawiri kukula kwa mamolekyu amadzi).

Zofananira:

Virus m'mimba mwake (0.02-0.3 μm)> Kukula kwa pore ya Membrane nthawi 3000.

Kukula kwa bakiteriya (0.5-5 μm) > Kukula kwa pore ya Membrane nthawi 5000.

Chiphunzitso chachitsanzo chachikale

• Solution-Diffusion Model

Lingaliro Lachikulu: Nembanembayo imakhala yofanana popanda pores, ndipo solute ndi zosungunulira zimasamutsidwa kupyolera mu kusungunuka ndi kufalikira kwa nembanemba.

Njira Yotumizira:

Kusungunuka: Mamolekyu amadzi ndi ma solutes adsorb pa nembanemba pamwamba ndikusungunula mu nembanemba zakuthupi;
Kufalikira: Pansi pa mphamvu ya mankhwala omwe angatheke (kusiyana kwa kuthamanga), mamolekyu amadzi amafalikira kudzera mu nembanemba;

Desorption: Kutulutsidwa ngati madzi oyera mbali ina ya nembanemba.

Mawu a masamu: Kutuluka kwa madzi Jw = A(ΔP − Dp), pomwe A ndiye gawo la membrane permeability, DP ndiye mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi Dp ndiye kusiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa osmotic.

• Preferential Adsorption-Capillary Flow Model

Lingaliro lalikulu: Pamwamba pa membrane ili ndi njira za nanoscale, zomwe zimakonda kukopa mamolekyu amadzi kuti apange monolayer wa "madzi omangika," pomwe solutes amathamangitsidwa.

Njira yotumizira:

Kutsatsa kosankha: Kumtunda kwa nembanemba kumatengera mamolekyu amadzi kudzera pa ma hydrogen bond (mwachitsanzo, mpweya wa carbonyl mu cellulose acetate);

Kuyendera kwa Channel: Pakupanikizika kwambiri, madzi omangika amadutsa munjira kudzera pa "hydrogen bond jumping," pomwe ma solutes amasungidwa chifukwa cha kusapezeka kwa kukula.

Kachitidwe:

Mlingo wokana mchere: 98% -99.9% (TDS

Kuchotsa kwachitsulo cholemera:> 99.9% (kutsogolera, arsenic, etc.).

Zinthu zazikulu zokopa

Kupanikizika kwa Ntchito
Ayenera kukhala > njira yothetsera kupanikizika kwa osmotic, nthawi zambiri 60-80 bar pogwiritsira ntchito mafakitale (kuchotsa mchere), ndi mipiringidzo 2-4 yogwiritsira ntchito pakhomo.

Kutentha: 5-45 ℃ (kutentha kwambiri kumayambitsa nembanemba pore deformation)

pH range: 4-11 (polyamide membrane), 5-6 (ma cellulose acetate membrane).

Mtundu wa zoipitsa

Inorganic makulitsidwe (mwachitsanzo, CaCO₃): Pamafunika citric acid kuyeretsedwa pa pH = 2

Kuyipitsidwa kwachilengedwe (mwachitsanzo, makanema a bakiteriya): Amathandizidwa ndi sanitizer ya DBNPA.

Mawonekedwe a Ntchito ndi Kusankha Kwamtundu wa Membrane

Kuchotsa madzi m'nyanja yamchere Polyamide composite membrane (TFC) High-pressure resistance (＞60 bar), 99% desalination rate

Kuyeretsa madzi kunyumba Kuthamanga kophatikizika kwa kaphatikizidwe kocheperako (2-4 bar), kupulumutsa mphamvu 30%.

Madzi a m'mafakitale (tchipisi tamagetsi) Kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono kophatikizana kaphatikizidwe ka membrane Product madzi resistivity 18 MΩ·cm.