Mphamvu ya reverse osmosis nembanemba pa chithandizo chamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadzi

Mukugwiritsa ntchito reverse osmosis (RO), madzi amadzimadzi amakhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pakugwira ntchito kwa membrane, kulamula kusinthasintha, kukana mchere, kusokoneza, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kuyeretsa pafupipafupi. Madzi apamtunda odzaza ndi zinthu zachilengedwe (NOM) amalimbikitsa kuwononga zachilengedwe, pomwe madzi apansi panthaka kapena magwero a brackish omwe amadziwika ndi kuuma, silika, ndi ayoni achitsulo amabweretsa zovuta zowononga komanso makulitsidwe. Kuchuluka kwa mchere wa m'madzi a m'nyanja kumafuna kupanikizika kwambiri kwa ntchito zomwe zimawonjezera makulitsidwe ndi mapangidwe a biofilm. Madzi otayira m'madzi otayira, odzaza ndi zinthu zomwe zasungunuka komanso zowononga tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, zimatha kuyipitsa ma nembanemba, zomwe zimafuna kuti zisamalidwe bwino komanso kuti ziyeretsedwe mwamphamvu. Munthawi yonseyi, kukonzekereratu koyenera, kusankha mwanzeru kwa membrane, komanso kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ndikofunikira kuti RO igwire bwino ntchito komanso moyo wautali.

Mawu Oyamba
Reverse osmosis (RO) imalekanitsa madzi kuchokera ku zosungunuka zosungunuka pogwiritsa ntchito hydraulic pressure pa nembanemba yomwe ingathe kutha. RO tsopano ikupitilira 65 % ya mphamvu yochotsa mchere padziko lonse lapansi, kutsimikizira gawo lake lalikulu pakuyeretsa ndi kugwiritsanso ntchito madzi. Komabe, kugwira ntchito kwa nembanemba kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a madzi - kuchuluka kwa organic, ma ionic, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndi zochitika zamoyo - zonsezi zimatha kuchepetsa kuchulukirachulukira, kutsika kwa mchere, kukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kufupikitsa moyo wautumiki wa membrane.

Mitundu ya Madzi Odyetsera ndi Zotsatira Zake
Madzi Apamwamba
Magwero apamtunda (mitsinje, nyanja) nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zolimba zoyimitsidwa, turbidity, ndi NOM, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuwonongeka kwa nembanemba komanso kutsekeka kwa spacer ngati sikunakonzedwe bwino. Kuwongolera pang'ono kwamadzi apansi panthaka kumalephera kukhazikika ntchito ya RO, popeza tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi organic timawunjikana pa nembanemba, zomwe zimayambitsa kusokonezeka komanso kuipitsidwa.

Madzi apansi panthaka / Madzi a Brackish
Madzi apansi panthaka amakhala ndi mchere wambiri komanso kuuma kwake, kumachepetsa kuthamanga kwa osmotic poyerekeza ndi madzi a m'nyanja, koma kumawonjezera ngozi za calcium carbonate ndi silika. Kukula kwa silika, makamaka, kumakhala kovuta kuletsa ndi antiscalants wamba, kumafuna njira zapadera zowongolera kuti muteteze kusinthasintha komanso kupewa kuipitsidwa kosasinthika.

Madzi a m'nyanja
Seawater RO (SWRO) imagwira ntchito mopanikizika kwambiri (nthawi zambiri 55-80 bar) kuti igonjetse kupsinjika kwa osmotic kwa ~ 25-30 bar, komwe kumawonjezera kufunikira kwa mphamvu ndikuwonjezera kuphatikizika kwa membrane ndi kuipitsidwa. Inorganic makulitsidwe (calcium sulfate, carbonate) ndi biofouling ndizofala ndipo zimafunika kuchulukitsidwa kwamphamvu kwa antiscalant, kuyang'anira biofilm, ndi kuyeretsa pafupipafupi.

Madzi Otayira
Kusamalira RO kwa madzi otayira am'tauni kapena m'mafakitale kumalimbana ndi zinthu zambiri zosungunuka, zowononga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ndi zotsalira zopha tizilombo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachilengedwe ndi biofouling. Madzi otayira m'chipatala a WWTP omwe amathandizidwa ndi nembanemba ya polyamide RO amawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa TDS ndi COD koma amatsika mwachangu popanda kusefedwa kwa preRO komanso kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito.

Zotsatira pa Magwiridwe a Membrane
Njira Zowononga
Organic fouling imachokera ku adsorption ya lowmolecularweight organic compounds (LMWOC) pamwamba pa nembanemba ndi mkati mwa pores, kulepheretsa madzi kulowa. Kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe kumaphatikizapo kugwa kwa mchere wosasungunuka pang'ono (monga calcium carbonate, sulfate) pa nembanemba, kupanga mamba olimba omwe amatsekereza pores ndikuwononga wosanjikiza wokangalika. Biofouling, motsogozedwa ndi ma microbial attachment ndi kukula kwa biofilm, kumachepetsanso kusinthasintha komanso kulimbikitsa makulitsidwe am'deralo.

Kukulitsa
Calcium sulfate ndi carbonate makulitsidwe zimachitika pamene kuuma ayoni kuposa kusungunuka kwa nembanemba pamwamba, imathandizira ndi ndende polarization. Silika, yomwe imapezeka ngati mitundu ya colloidal kapena yosungunuka, imapanga madipoziti olimba, osasunthika omwe amakana zotsutsana ndi chikhalidwe, makamaka m'madzi a brackish RO.

Kukulitsa pa ma spacers a Reverse Osmosis Membrane

Permeate Flux ndi Kukana Mchere
Kuthamanga kwa permeate kumawonjezeka ndi kukakamizidwa kwa transmembrane koma kumtunda chifukwa cha ndende ya polarization ndi compaction zotsatira. Kupanikizika kwakukulu kumawonjezera kukana kwa mchere pang'ono, komabe kupitilira mulingo woyenera kumatha kuchepetsa kukanidwa chifukwa chakuchulukira kwa kukakamiza kwa solutes chifukwa cha zolakwika ndi zolakwika.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu ndi Kupanikizika kwa Ntchito
Kuwonongeka ndi makulitsidwe kumapangitsa kuti ma hydraulic resistance ayambe kuwonjezereka, zomwe zimachititsa kuti chakudya chikhale chokwera kwambiri kuti chisasunthike, motero kukwera mtengo kwa magetsi (SEC) ndi ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Kuyeretsa kumakhala kochulukira, ndikuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ndi nthawi yopuma.

Njira Zochepetsera
Kuchiza
Kukonzekera koyenera-kuphatikizana, kusefera pawailesi yakanema, ultrafiltration-kuchotsa ma particulates ndi NOM, kuletsa zoyipa zomwe zingachitike ndikukhazikitsa magwiridwe antchito a RO. Pamadzi apamtunda, zosefera zapawiri-zambiri komanso kutsatsa kwa carbon activated zimachepetsa kutsitsa kwachilengedwe ndikuteteza ma module akumunsi a RO.

Kuyeretsa ndi Antiscaants
Njira zoyeretsera zakuthupi (kubwerera m'mbuyo, kutsogolo) ndi mankhwala (ma acid, alkalis, oxidants) amayang'ana mitundu yoyipa - organics, inorganics, biofilms - kubwezeretsa kusinthasintha ndi kukanidwa. Antiscaant dosing, pH kusintha, ndi antifoaming agents amathandiza kupewa kukula kwa nucleation ndi biofilm mapangidwe.

Kusintha kwa Membrane Surface
Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa pakumezanitsa pamwamba (mwachitsanzo, polyacrylic acid, zokutira za grapheneoxide) kwatulutsa nembanemba yokhala ndi malo osalala, ochulukirapo, komanso opanda ma charger, kukulitsa kukana koyipa ndikusunga madzi.

Maphunziro a Nkhani

• Madzi a Brackish Desalination ku Tunisia: Chomera chathunthu chowonetsa kugwira ntchito mokhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali ndikuyeretsa nthawi ndi nthawi; mawonekedwe oyipa adavumbulutsa magawo osakanizika a organic-inorganic omwe amafunikira njira zoyeretsera.
• Chipatala WWTP Yanyansi Yobwezeretsanso: Polyamide RO nembanemba yachepetsa TDS kuchoka pa ~ 1 500 mg/L kufika pa 90 %, koma kuchulukira kwamadzi kunatsika ndi 25 % pamasiku 30 popanda kuthandizidwa kwambiri komanso kukhathamiritsa kokwanira.

Mapeto
Kudyetsa kwamadzi ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimayang'anira magwiridwe antchito a nembanemba ya RO. Madzi a pamwamba amafuna kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga tinthu tating'ono ting'onoting'ono ndi kuchotsa NOM; magwero a brackish amafuna silika ndi kuuma kuwongolera; kuyeretsa madzi a m'nyanja kuyenera kulinganiza ntchito yothamanga kwambiri ndi kuwongolera makulitsidwe; Madzi otayira m'madzi amafunikira kuyeretsedwa molimba komanso kuyeretsedwa koyenera. Zatsopano zazinthu zama membrane, njira zopangiratu, komanso kuwunika koyipa kwenikweni kukupitiliza kukulitsa kulimba kwa RO ndikuchita bwino pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yamadzi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mosasinthasintha kwa njirazi kumatsimikizira magwiridwe antchito a RO, moyo wautali wautali, komanso kupanga kodalirika kwapamwamba kwambiri.