I-RO Membrane Ifinyelela Kanjani I-99.9% Yokwenqatshwa Usawoti?

I-Reverse Osmosis membrane (i-RO membrane) isebenza ngomgomo oyinhloko wokulwa nenqubo yemvelo ye-osmotic. Nakhu ukuhlaziya okujulile kwendlela yokusebenza kwayo:

Ukuqhathanisa ngokomzimba kwe-Natural Osmosis kanye ne-Reverse Osmosis

I-Natural Osmosis Phenomenon yilapho kunomehluko wokugxilisa ingqondo ezinhlangothini zombili zolwelwesi lwe-semipermeable (njengamanzi ahlanzekile namanzi anosawoti), ama-molecule amanzi azogeleza ngokuzenzakalelayo esuka ohlangothini oluphansi lokuhlushwa aye ohlangothini oluphezulu lokugxila kuze kube yilapho ukugxila ezinhlangothini zombili kulinganiselwe. Kuleli qophelo, ingcindezi ekhiqizwa umehluko wokuphakama kwendawo ewuketshezi yingcindezi ye-osmotic.

Umfutho we-osmotic π wesisombululo esincibilikisiwe uthi: π = iCRT (lapho i-i inombolo yama-ion akhiqizwa i-electrolysis yama-molecule e-solute; C i-molar concentration ye-solute; R i-molar gas engashintshi; T izinga lokushisa eliphelele.)
Isibonelo, umfutho we-osmotic wamanzi olwandle uphezulu njengo-28 bar, odinga ingcindezi enkulu yokuhlehlisa ukugeleza kwamanzi.

"I-High-Pressure Counter-Flow" ye-Reverse Osmosis isebenzisa ingcindezi ohlangothini lukasawoti (>ingcindezi ye-osmotic) iphoqa ama-molecule amanzi ukuthi ageleze ahlehle, afinyelele ukufuduka kwe-concentration gradient ehlehlayo isuka "emanzini anosawoti →amanzi ahlanzekile."

Ngesikhathi se-osmosis ehlehlayo, izinga le-osmotic le-solvent, okungukuthi, amandla okugeleza koketshezi N, ngu: N=Kh(Δp-Δπ) (lapho i-Kh kuyi-coefficient yokungena ku-hydraulic, ekhuphuka kancane ngezinga lokushisa; Δp umehluko wengcindezi emile kulwelwesi lonke; Δπ umehluko wengcindezi ye-osmotic kulo lonke ulwelwesi).

Kuleli qophelo: Ohlangothini lwamanzi ahlanzekile: Ukuqoqa ama-molecule amanzi adlulayo (angene), Ngasohlangothini lwamanzi agxilile: Ukugcina usawoti, izinsimbi ezisindayo, nokunye ukungcola (concentrate).

Ukunemba Okudlulele Kwesakhiwo Se-Membrane

Isakhiwo sesandwich:

Isendlalelo sokusekela: Indwangu engalukiwe (ubukhulu ≈ 120 μm) - "uhlaka lwensimbi" olumelana nokucindezela okuphezulu.

Isendlalelo esinezimbotshana: I-Polysulfone impahla (usayizi wembotshana ongu-0.01-0.1 μm) - "umugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela" ovimba udaka, isihlabathi nokugqwala.

Isendlalelo esisebenzayo: Ifilimu ye-Polyamide (ubukhulu ≈ 200 nm) - "unompempe wamangqamuzana" wangempela, enosayizi wembotshana ongu-0.1-1 nm kuphela (≈ kabili ngobukhulu bama-molecule amanzi).

Idatha yokuqhathanisa:

Ububanzi begciwane (0.02-0.3 μm) > Usayizi wembotshana ye-Membrane izikhathi ezingu-3000.

Usayizi webhaktheriya (0.5-5 μm) > Imbotshana ye-Membrane izikhathi ezingu-5000.

Ithiyori yemodeli yakudala

• Imodeli Yokusabalalisa Isixazululo

I-Core Assumption: I-membrane iyisakhiwo esine-homogeneous ngaphandle kwama-pores, futhi i-solute ne-solvent idluliswa ngokuhlakazeka ku-membrane impahla kanye nokusabalalisa.

Inqubo yokudlulisa:

Ukuhlakazeka: Ama-molecule wamanzi kanye ne-solutes adsorb ebusweni be-membrane futhi ancibilike ku-membrane material;
Ukusabalalisa: Ngaphansi kwamandla ashukumisayo ekhemikhali engase ibe yi-gradient (umehluko wokucindezela), ama-molecule amanzi asakazwa ngokukhethekile kulwelwesi;

I-Desorption: Ikhishwe njengamanzi ahlanzekile ngakolunye uhlangothi lwe-membrane.

Inkulumo yezibalo: Ukugeleza kwamanzi Jw = A(ΔP − Dp), lapho u-A eyi-coefficient yokungena kwe-membrane, DI-P ingcindezi esetshenzisiwe, futhi I-Dp umehluko wengcindezi ye-osmotic.

• Imodeli Yokugeleza Kwe-Adsorption-Capillary Ekhethwayo

Okucatshangwayo okuyinhloko: I-membrane surface ineziteshi ze-nanoscale, ezikhanga kakhulu ama-molecule amanzi ukuze akhe i-monolayer "yamanzi aboshwe," kuyilapho ama-solutes exoshwa.

Indlela yokudlulisa:

I-adsorption ekhethiwe: Ulwelwesi olungaphezulu lukhanga ama-molecule amanzi ngokukhetha ngamabhondi e-hydrogen (isb., i-carbonyl oxygen ku-cellulose acetate);

Ukuthuthwa kwesiteshi: Ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu, amanzi abophekile adlula eziteshini "nge-hydrogen bond jumping," kuyilapho izincibilikisi zigcinwa ngenxa yokukhishwa kosayizi.

Ukusebenza:

Izinga lokwenqatshwa kukasawoti: 98% -99.9% (TDS

Izinga lokususa insimbi enzima: >99.9% (umthofu, i-arsenic, njll.).

Izici ezibalulekile ezinomthelela

Ingcindezi Yokusebenza
Kumelwe kube > isixazululo se-osmotic pressure, ngokuvamile ibha engu-60-80 yezinhlelo zokusebenza zasembonini (ukukhipha usawoti emanzini), kanye namabha angu-2-4 okusetshenziswa ekhaya.

Izinga lokushisa: 5-45 ℃ (ukushisa okuphezulu kubangela ulwelwesi ukuwohloka kwezimbotshana)

Ububanzi be-pH: 4-11 (i-polyamide membrane), 5-6 (i-cellulose acetate membrane).

Uhlobo lwezinto ezingcolisayo

Ukukala kwe-Inorganic (isb, i-CaCO₃): Idinga ukuhlanzwa kwe-citric acid ku-pH=2

Ukungcoliswa kwebhayoloji (isb., amafilimu ebhaktheriya): Kwelashwa nge-sanitizer ye-DBNPA.

Izimo Zohlelo Lokusebenza kanye Nokukhethwa Kohlobo Lwe-Membrane

Ukukhipha usawoti emanzini olwandle I-Polyamide composite membrane (TFC) Ukumelana nokucindezela okuphezulu (＞60 bar), 99% izinga lokukhipha usawoti emanzini

Ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi asekhaya Ulwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe oluyinhlanganisela Ukusebenza kwengcindezi ephansi (2-4 ibha), ukonga amandla 30%.

Amanzi ahlanzekile embonini (ama-chips e-electronic) Ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela yokucindezela okuphansi okuphansi kakhulu komkhiqizo Ukumelana kwamanzi no-18 MΩ·cm.